Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood vessels, including arteries and veins, carry blood throughout the body. When the heart contracts, it pumps blood through these vessels, and when it relaxes, the pressure decreases.

• Blood pressure is expressed using two values, for example, 110/60.
• The systolic blood pressure (upper value) represents the pressure exerted on artery walls during heart contraction.
• The diastolic blood pressure (lower value) represents the pressure on artery walls when the heart is at rest between beats.
• Blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and is often lowest in the morning. Factors such as emotions, age, medications, physical activity, body size, environmental temperature, and illness or injury can influence blood pressure.
• Normal blood pressure varies among individuals. In children under 18 years, normal values depend on height, and healthcare providers determine appropriate ranges.

How to measure blood pressure using a manual monitor-

• A manual (aneroid) monitor consists of a cuff, inflation bulb with pump, stethoscope, and pressure gauge.
• Proper coordination is required; it may be difficult for individuals with visual, hearing, or hand-movement limitations.
• Before measuring, sit quietly for 3–5 minutes.
• Wrap the cuff around the upper arm about 1 inch above the elbow, ensuring it fits evenly and snugly (you should be able to insert two fingertips under the top edge).
• Place the stethoscope diaphragm under the cuff on the inner side of the arm.
• Insert the stethoscope earpieces facing forward and position the gauge so it is clearly visible.
• Inflate the cuff quickly until the gauge reads about 30 mmHg above your usual systolic pressure, then slowly release air.
• Let the pressure drop at a steady rate (about 2 mmHg per second) while listening. The first heartbeat sound indicates systolic pressure.
• When the heartbeat sound disappears, note the diastolic pressure.
• Rest for 1–2 minutes before repeating the measurement and record the readings.

How to measure blood pressure using an automatic monitor-

• Sit comfortably with back support at a table or desk.
• Rest quietly for 3–5 minutes before measurement.
• Keep feet flat on the floor and place your arm on a flat surface at heart level.
• Wrap the cuff around your upper arm about 1 inch above the elbow, ensuring proper fit and alignment.
• Press the start button and remain still and quiet during measurement.
• The cuff will inflate and then deflate automatically while the device records the reading.
• Once complete, the monitor displays blood pressure and pulse rate. If an error occurs, reposition and repeat.
• Record the results manually or digitally for future reference.

How to Take a Blood Pressure Reading (Rewritten)

• Keep the arm relaxed and supported at heart level with the palm facing upward.
• Place the cuff about 1 inch above the elbow crease.
• Ensure proper positioning of the cuff over the artery and wrap it snugly.
• Turn on the device and follow the instructions for measurement.

For a semi-automatic device:

• Ensure no air remains in the cuff before use.
• Inflate the cuff using the bulb to about 30 mmHg above expected systolic pressure.
• The cuff will tighten briefly; then release air slowly.
• Observe the readings and heart symbol flashes as pulse is detected.
• The display will show systolic, diastolic, and pulse rate.
• If measurement fails, reinflate and try again.

For an automatic device:

• Press the start button; the cuff inflates automatically.
• The device detects pulse and displays readings after measurement.
• If an error appears, reposition the cuff and repeat.

Keeping a Record:

• Maintain a log of readings either in writing or electronically.
• Bring records during medical visits.

Store below 30°C in a cool, dry place away from light and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.