Vitamin B-Complex and Vitamin C act as cofactors for multiple enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Thiamine (B1) functions as a cofactor in the decarboxylation of keto acids such as pyruvic acid.
Riboflavin (B2) plays an essential role in cellular respiration processes together with nicotinamide.
Pyridoxine (B6) participates in the decarboxylation and interconversion of amino acids. It is also necessary for normal antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses.
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is essential for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) synthesis and for the maturation of red blood cells (RBCs).
Nicotinamide contributes significantly to cellular respiration in association with riboflavin.
Calcium Pantothenate acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in acetyl group transfer. It is also required for normal antibody response in combination with pyridoxine.
Folic acid, after conversion to folinic acid within the body, participates in reactions associated with nucleotide synthesis and RBC maturation together with vitamin B12. It also plays an important role in lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is involved in biochemical oxidation reactions, collagen formation, and the conversion of folic acid into folinic acid. It is also required for normal phagocytic activity of white blood cells (WBCs).
An adequate supply of these water-soluble vitamins is essential for the optimal function of various cells and tissues. Except for vitamin B12, these vitamins are not stored in the body in significant amounts, and excess quantities are excreted through urine. Therefore, regular and sufficient intake is necessary to fulfill metabolic demands. Deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins frequently coexist because of overlapping dietary sources and metabolic interdependence. Initially, these deficiencies may remain subclinical and can only be detected through biochemical investigations. If left untreated, they may progress to symptoms such as poor wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections. Classical deficiency diseases such as beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy are uncommon, whereas mild and subclinical deficiencies are comparatively more prevalent, even among apparently healthy individuals.