Edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, premenstrual tension and edema due to various forms of renal dysfunction (i.e., nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure). Hypertension, either alone or as an adjunct to other antihypertensive drugs.

Thiazides such as hydrochlorothiazide promote water loss from the body (diuretics). They inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in serum uric acid. Thiazides are often used to treat hypertension, but their hypotensive effects are not necessarily due to their diuretic activity. Thiazides have been shown to prevent hypertension-related morbidity and mortality although the mechanism is not fully understood. Thiazides cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels (large conductance) in vascular smooth muscles and inhibiting various carbonic anhydrases in vascular tissue.

 Edema: Initially 25 to 50 mg daily, reduced for maintenance if possible; maximum 100 mg daily.

Hypertension: 25 mg daily, increased to 50 mg daily if necessary.

Elderly: In some patients, especially the elderly, an initial dose of 12.5 mg daily may be sufficient.

Children: An initial dose for children has been 1 to 2 mg per kg body weight in 2 divided doses. Infants under 6 months may need doses up to 3 mg per kg daily.

Alcohol, barbiturates or narcotics: Co-administration may potentiate orthostatic hypotension. Oral and parenteral antidiabetic drugs may require dosage adjustment with concurrent use. Other antihypertensive drugs may have an additive effect. Discontinuation of diuretic therapy 2-3 days before the initiation of treatment with an ACE inhibitor may reduce the likelihood of first-dose hypotension. The antihypertensive effect of the drug may be enhanced in the post-sympathectomy patient.

Cholestyramine and colestipol resin: Absorption of hydrochlorothiazide is impaired in the presence of anionic exchange resins. Single doses of either cholestyramine or colestipol resins bind hydrochlorothiazide and reduce its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract by up to 85% and 43%, respectively. Corticosteroids or ACTH may intensify any thiazide-induced electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia. Pressor amines such as adrenaline may show decreased arterial responsiveness when used with hydrochlorothiazide, but this reaction is not enough to preclude their therapeutic usefulness. Non-depolarizing muscle relaxants such as tubocurarine may possibly interact with hydrochlorothiazide to increase muscle relaxation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may attenuate the diuretic and antihypertensive effects of diuretics.

Drug/laboratory tests: Because thiazides may affect calcium metabolism, hydrochlorothiazide may interfere with tests for parathyroid function.

Anuria, hypersensitivity to hydrochlorothiazide or to other sulfonamide-derived drugs, severe renal or hepatic failure, Addison's disease, hypercalcemia, concurrent lithium therapy.

Gastro-intestinal system: Anorexia, gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, jaundice (intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice), pancreatitis, salivary gland inflammation.

Central nervous system: Dizziness, vertigo, paresthesiae, headache, yellow vision.

Hematological: Leukopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia.

Cardiovascular: Hypotension, including orthostatic hypotension.

Hypersensitivity: Purpura, photosensitivity, rash, urticaria, necrotizing angiitis (vasculitis, cutaneous vasculitis), fever, respiratory distress including pneumonitis and pulmonary edema, anaphylactic reactions, toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Metabolic: Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, hyperuricemia, electrolyte imbalance including hyponatremia and hypokalemia.

Renal: Renal dysfunction, interstitial nephritis, renal failure.

Other: Muscle spasm, weakness, restlessness, transient blurred vision, impotence. Whenever side effects are moderate to severe, thiazide dosage should be reduced or therapy withdrawn.

Use in pregnancy: Thiazides cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood. The use of Hydrochlorothiazide when pregnancy is present or suspected requires, therefore, that the benefits of the drug be weighed against possible hazards to the fetus. These hazards include fetal or neonatal jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and possibly other adverse reactions which have occurred in the adult. The routine use of diuretics in otherwise healthy pregnant women with or without mild edema is not recommended, because their use may be associated with hypovolemia, increased blood viscosity and decreased placental perfusion.

Use in breastfeeding mothers: Thiazides appear in breast milk. If use of the drug is deemed essential, the patient should stop breastfeeding.

Patients should be carefully monitored for signs of fluid and electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia). It is particularly important to make serum and urine electrolyte determinations when the patient is vomiting excessively or receiving parenteral fluids. Warning signs or symptoms of fluid and electrolyte imbalance include: dryness of mouth, thirst, weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, restlessness, seizures, confusion, muscle pains or cramps, muscle fatigue, hypotension, oliguria, tachycardia, and gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting. Hypokalemia may develop, especially with brisk diuresis, when severe cirrhosis is present, or after prolonged therapy. Hypokalemia can sensitize or exaggerate the response of the heart to the toxic effects of digitalis (e.g., increased ventricular irritability). Sensitivity reactions may occur in patients with or without history of allergy or bronchial asthma. Hypokalemia may be avoided or treated in the adult by concurrent use of amiloride hydrochloride, a potassium-conserving agent. It may also be avoided by giving potassium chloride or foods with a high potassium content. Diuretic-induced hyponatremia is usually mild and asymptomatic. Dilutional hyponatremia may occur in edematous patients in hot weather; and, except in rare instances when hyponatremia is life-threatening, appropriate therapy is water restriction rather than administration of salt. Thiazides may decrease serum protein-bound iodine levels without signs of thyroid disturbances. Thiazides may decrease urinary calcium excretion, and may also cause intermittent and slight elevation of serum calcium in the absence of known disorders of calcium metabolism. Thiazides should be discontinued before carrying out tests for parathyroid function. When creatinine clearance falls below 30 ml/min, thiazide diuretics become ineffective. Uremia may be precipitated or increased by chlorothiazide. Cumulative effects of the drug may develop in patients with impaired renal function. If increasing uremia and oliguria occur during treatment of renal disease, Hydrochlorothiazide should be discontinued. Thiazides should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease, since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma. Hyperuricemia may occur, or gout may be precipitated, in certain patients receiving thiazide therapy. Thiazide therapy may impair glucose tolerance. Increases in cholesterol and triglyceride levels may be associated with thiazide diuretic therapy. The possibility of exacerbation or activation of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported. Latent diabetes may become manifest during thiazide administration.

The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia) and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias. In the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive measures should be employed. If ingestion is recent, emesis should be induced or gastric lavage performed. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hepatic coma and hypotension should be corrected by established methods. If required, give oxygen or artificial respiration for respiratory impairment.

Thiazide diuretics & related drugs

Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.